Which device types are typically associated with the Data Link Layer?

The Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI model, and its primary function is to provide node-to-node data transfer and handle error correction from the physical layer. This layer ensures that a reliable link is established between connected devices and manages how data packets are placed on the network medium.

Network Interface Cards (NICs), switches, and bridges are specifically tailored for operations at this layer. A Network Interface Card acts as a hardware interface between a computer and a network, providing the physical and data link functions necessary for devices to communicate over a local area network (LAN). Switches operate at the Data Link Layer by forwarding data only to the specific device or devices for which the data is intended, thus reducing network collisions and improving overall performance. Bridges serve to connect two or more network segments and manage traffic by filtering and forwarding data based on MAC addresses, effectively creating a larger network without overwhelming any individual segment.

The other device types listed in the other choices do not operate primarily at the Data Link Layer. For example, routers primarily function at the Network Layer, directing data packets between networks, while servers and firewalls typically involve logic and processes at higher layers. Modems and hubs operate mainly at different layers; modems convert signals for transmission over data